When it comes to leadership in fi ber optics, AFL has a global reputation for bringing best- in- class technology and design concepts to the market. With an extensive lineup of fusion splicers for specialty splicing applications, AFL’s ARCMaster ™ and LAZERMaster ™ series cover a wide range of applications - from lasers for use in manufacturing facilities and sophisticated medical processes to sensing, monitoring and security applications. At AFL, We connect. ™ www. AFLglobal. com 800- 235- 3423 FSM- 100M LZM- 100 FSM- 100P+ FEATURE High- speed technology test & measurement of identical symbols carry lower frequencies, and rapidly alternating strings carry higher frequencies. Pre-/ de- emphasis at the transmitter and equalization at the receiver are techniques for solving ISI problems. Simulations can predict the effects of a channel on a waveform at the earliest design stages. Of course, simulation accuracy depends on channel characterization accuracy. Simulations have trouble with real world edge effects caused by connectors, vias, dielectric anisotropies, etc., and have to be verified by measurement. Extracting ISI from a simulation enables starting with an ideal waveform and examining it at any point in its propagation. The benefit of a measurement – provided the engineer starts with an instrument- quality waveform and takes care with any cables and connections – is that the engineer sees reality. Internally generated ISI is a big problem for engineers trying to make such accurate measurements. Any intrinsic ISI in the test waveform corrupts measurements of channel ISI. It’s possible to unfold the ISI of the initial waveform from the ISI of the outgoing waveform. But extensive, detailed analysis is required. DCD is the variation in the widths of positive and negative pulses, i. e., differences in the widths of 1s and 0s. It can be identified by FIGURE 1. BERTs are essential tools for characterizing the performance of communications components, subsystems, and systems.